Color
Mostly of vegetable origin
Color relates to colloidal suspensions in water, along with certain organic acids and neutral salts, but is primarily associated with contaminants of vegetable origin — often tannins and lignins (dissolved organic acids). As a result, color is typically more of an issue in surface water than groundwater, though some shallow wells can be affected. These contaminants can also raise concerns around odor and taste.
An arbitrary standard scale
An arbitrary standard scale has been developed to measure color intensity in water samples, based on color produced by concentrations of potassium chloroplatinate.
A secondary standard
Color is regulated by the EPA under the Secondary Drinking Water Standards, with a Secondary Maximum Contaminant Limit (SMCL) of 15 color units.
Public Health Concern
Color removal is desirable primarily for aesthetic reasons — excessive color is unappealing and can stain laundry. The EPA classifies color as a secondary contaminant, not a risk to public health.
Coagulation, settling and filtration
Color removal is typically accomplished through coagulation, settling, and filtration.
Settling
Filtration
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